Superantigens are known to:

Superantigens are a special class of antigens that can trigger an intense immune response by activating a larger number of T cells than typical antigens. These molecules can bind to the MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells and T cell receptors simultaneously, without the need for a specific antigen to be processed and presented. This unique ability leads to the polyclonal activation of T cells, resulting in a massive release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

The production of TNF and other pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause systemic effects, contributing to conditions such as toxic shock syndrome. Thus, the induction of tumor necrosis factor synthesis is closely linked to the mechanism of superantigens, making this response a hallmark of their action in the immune system. The intense activation of T cells and subsequent cytokine release can have significant physiological consequences, potentially leading to severe inflammation and shock.